STEAM pedagogy in Algebra: A conceptual analysis for senior high school in Indonesia

Mathematics in Indonesian secondary schools is often taught as a set of procedures, leaving little room for understanding or creativity. This study explores how integrating STEAM pedagogy with the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) can bring mathematics to life as a core way of thinking rather than a mere tool. Using a systematic review of 85 studies and expert validation through a modified Delphi method, a framework was developed linking NGSS dimensions with algebraic learning. The findings reveal that while STEAM encourages engagement, mathematics is often sidelined. The proposed framework offers five principles to place mathematics at the center of inquiry, helping teachers create authentic, connected, and creative learning experiences for the 21st century.